Caribbean Folklore: Le Loupgarou and Ol Higue

Le Loupgarou and Ol Higue Folklore exists in many cultures throughout the world. Folklore in the form of news reports, myths and legends is passed from generation to generation through the oral tradition. Folklore in the Caribbean has been raddled from the rich and diverse backgrounds of our ancestors who came from various parts of the world. Our ancestors brought with them their language, culture, religious beliefs and practices, and their tradition of storytelling.The tales of demons, ghosts, zombies and hard liquor have been fascinating for the young and quondam(a) a homogeneous, and variations of these stories have been t aged again and again. Le Loupgarou and Ol Higue share similar characteristics as they are both based on Caribbean folklore. Le Loupgarou means werewolf or lagahoo. Fittingly, Derek Walcotts poem tells a tale of a man named Le Brun. He sold his soul to the bawl out and so he changes into a werewolf at night. He is ostracized by the village and lives all alon e in a small old house.Similarly, Ol Higue by Mark Mcwatt is a poem about what Caribbean people would tender a soucouyant which is in essence, a female vampire that takes off her old skin at night and turns into a fire ball, lurking through the nights to inseminate on her poor victims. Interestingly enough, the soucouyant is the female counterpart for the lagahoo. The old woman is Ol Higue, like Le Brun, lives alone in an old house. She almost never coifs outside during the day as her feeding is done at night.She doesnt like children and isnt amiable by nature which are also characteristic of Le Brun. Walcotts poem opens with the line A curious tale suggesting that we, already from the beginning, should be questioning the verity of the story since tale usually is associated with fiction. Ol Higue doesnt predict that it is a fictitious story but as Caribbean people, it is easy to come to the conclusion just from the first stanza that she is a soucouyant. Le loupgarou is written i n a continues Read full essay

Bus 303 Practice Midterm Essay

Characters Cathy and Dave, a well-to-do professional couple Al, a authentic demesne salesmanCathy and Dave are young, upwardly mobile. They hold good professional jobs in profession district Chicago. One day Cathy comed an invitation in-the mail, from a resort called Green realm (GA), which was located near the mountains, virtually eight hour thrust date from Chicago. The mailer invited the young couple to spend two nights free of cost and receive $50 for expenses. All they had to do in return was to listen to a presentation, see a video, and take a tour of the resort for about two hours. Additional conditions included 24 hour advance conflict of the room with 24 hour notice for masscellations, and a valid reference point card. Green Acres would charge $50 for a no show.Although the letter emotionale no mention of it, Cathy and Dave knew the invitation was a real estate progression and guessed that the two hours with the GA staff cerebratet a hard sell for a condo or a t imeshare near a lake or a golf course, something they did not want. They decided to take the offer anyway in order to get a free vacation and arranged to confer GA the following weekend.Cathy and Dave had a good time at GA. The only if sour point of the trip was the at long last exchange they had with Al the salesman. At the end of the two hour presentation when Cathy and Dave had refused to debase any GA properties, Al looked at Dave in frustration and state, If you knew you werent going to profane any property here, why did you come? Our company spent $ccc to get you down here, and you project taken food off my familys table. What you did is immoral. Please dont do it again. At this Dave retorted, Your letter was clear, on that point was nothing in it that say a purchase of real estate was involved, and we had no obligation to buy anything from you. Your invitation was unconditional, I dont owe you or your family anything and I resent what you just said. At the end of this self-conscious exchange, Cathy and Dave left the room with an unpleasant brooking. But the unpleasant feelings did not last long because the drive back through the mountains was truly spectacular. After a few days Cathysaid to Dave, You know, Im still mad about what Al said to us at Green Acres. Should we economise to his boss, or to the real estate board or to some politics agency? You know, if we dont do something, some poor trusting people might fall for their gimmicks Dave replied, No, I dont infer we should waste any time on this. Most people know, or should know what they are getting into-there are no free lunches as well as if we complain, Al may lose his job and when well be really winning the food from his familys tableWhat Are the Relevant Facts?1. Cathy and Dave are amend and well paid.2. They received an unsolicited invitation from GreenAcres (GA).3. The invitation had nothing in it that said they hadto buy anything from GA.4. They correctly guessed that the GA sales staffwould amaze pressure on them to buy real estate.5. GA was eight hours driving time from Chicago.6. Al made a sales presentation.7. Cathy and Dave listened to the presentation.8. Al said Cathy and Dave had acted immorally andhad deprived him of a chance of earning a salescommission.9. Dave said that they had fulfilled their obligation, as outlined in the invitation, and had not actedincorrectly.What Are the respectable Issues?1. What is the role of motivators in marketing?2. What is the responsibility of individuals whoaccept inducements? Do they have any moralobligations to purchase goods if they accept freegifts from merchants?3. Is giving sweet gifts to potential buyers an ethical practice? Does the size of the gift or theinducement matter?4. Cathy and Dave were sophisticated, educated cityfolk and did not feel pressured to buy from GA.Do less educated or less sophisticated consumersfeel pressured to buy merchandise underenticements of gifts? Would such business practicebe considered ethical?5. Should Cathy and Dave complain so that othervulnerable people may not be pressured intobuying expensive property they do not want?Who Are the Primary Stakeholders? Cathy and Dave Al GA GAs stockholders Other potential consumers, especially thevulnerable onesWhat Are the Possible Alternatives?1. Cathy and Dave can forget the incident and donothing.2. They can file a thrill with GA.3. They can file a complaint with the appropriateauthorities.4. They can bring out to Al.What Are the Ethics of the Alternatives?1. What is the best course of action for Cathy and Dave from the moral rack? What is the bestcourse of action that Cathy and Dave take that leaveprovide the superior benefit to the greatest number?2. Do Cathy and Dave and other potential customershave nears not to be pressured or induced intoactions they may not beseech to take? Do GA and Alhave rights to pursue their business and personalinterests? Were any rights violated?3. What is the ju st thing to do in this case? Which alternative distributes the burdens andresponsibilities fairly? If Cathy and Dave act and ifGA improves its practices everyone except Al maybenefit. Not complaining may mean Al willcontinue his tactics and undermine GAs goalsassuming that interchange would get around andadditional customers will be offended.What Are the matter-of-fact Constraints?None.What Actions Should Be Taken?1. What should Cathy and Dave do?2. Which alternative would you choose?3. Which approach (utilitarian, rights, or justice)makes the most sense to you in this situation?Clearly, no action could mean unsuspecting peoplemay be lured into buying expensive real estatewith potentially severe consequences. Complaintscould lead to improved practice and wearperformance but could lead to the loss of Als job.4. What is the right thing to do?

MRF Madras Rubber Factory Essay

Solutions and function Implementation Highlights Time-frame 9 months, strict adherence to time-schedules Top Managements support Highly dedicated aggroup Comprehensive change commission wear out ERP success story MRF Limited MRF Limited is engaged in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of an extensive ange of superior quality tyres for various kinds of vehicles. The connections operations relate to manufacture of rubber harvestings, such(prenominal) as tyres, of applications. MRF has six production facilities in India and just about 80 sales offices. From its diminished origins in 1946, the fellowship has come a long way to let the market leader in the tyre manufacturing industry. MRF exports its products to over 75 enumerationries worldwide.Today, globular tyre manufacturers get down to plan and adapt to changes in customer demand, fluctuations in raw material prices and availability, art object keeping t whiz with timelines for shipments in the daring of increa sing ompetition in the global marketplace. The Need for patsy Before meet an eject customer, MRF was running several outmoded legacy systems that could no perennial keep up with the participations expanding operations, and, as a result, the troupe was plagued with inefficiency. Problems of slow availability of information, tedious manual entry and data transfer, pretermit of system flexibility, excess manpower utilization and costs started to allow a negative impact on the business. Consequently, the company was spending a jackpot of time in consolidating the information, getting the data together, and on time.It did not scoop long for MRF to know that it had to replace its nonintegrated, independent systems if it wanted to gain strategic insight and higher productivity to manage rapid business growth. The company wanted a flexible solution to allow IT to keep pace with changes while offering a low total cost of ownership. MRF resolved to reengineer its entire IT landscape by implementing SAP ERP and SAP CRM solutions, based on the SAP NetWeaver platform. A Core Team cal guide the Power Users team up was create to determine the requirements of the company and the selection of a suitable ERP olution. MRF brought in IBM world(prenominal) to facilitate the process and the Core Team was sensitized to the process of reengineering.The company did a detailed evaluation based on various criteria such as experience in the manufacturing sector and product-offerings Oracle and SAP were all of a sudden listed. MRF participated in a SAP summit which helped the company to take the net decision. SAP came out on top in terms of product superiority, post-sales support, and record customer satisfaction. We were confident that SAP will support our plans for act growth, says Prince Azariah, Chief Information Officer, MRF Limited. SAP offered a clear solution for MRFs manufacturing operations which include process as well as discrete production. We have moved onto a mature product with SAP. We have made a very good decision in selecting SAP, adds Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services.Implementation MRF chose entropy Information Systems as the implementation partner after a thoroughgoing selection process. The project went live on December 1, 2007. There were around 60 members from MRF and 35-40 members from Siemens involved in the implementation process. The core team nd the partners team worked in full collaboration, while ensuring that the implementation was carried out according to time schedules. One of the complications was that our systems were in silos. stir caution has been a big challenge, says Gautham. There were many instances when MRF looked to SAP India and SAP Labs for assistance and support during the implementation. SAP ERP has been implemented at the companys Head Office in Chennai, 6 factories in Sales Offices.MRF went in for all core modules including Financials and Controlling (FICO), Sales Distribution (SD), Materials M anagement (MM), deed Planning PP), Quality Management (QM), Plant Maintenance (PM), Human Resources (HR), and SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (SAP NetWeaver 81). Today, there are around 700 users who have accept the implementation in a positive manner. Benefits With SAP ERP, the company has one harmonized, standardized and integrated solution. The solution has enabled MRF to transform its business operation management from time consuming and inflexible to real-time and adaptable. The users can now count on easy access to accurate, complete, and up-to-the minute information, thanks to entralized, integrated data. This has led to quicker decision making and improved business transactions for MRF. SAP is the best thing that has happened to MRF, Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services The implementation of SAP has brought in a major shift in the work-culture in the company. The core team was clearly aware that they are responsible for creating their future. Earlier, we were a top-driv en company. Now, we have faithful to 60 personnel at the middle management level who have been empowered to take business decisions, and who are advising top management on what needs to be done o set up processes in the company. There is so much of enthusiasm among the core team members and the end-users. Also, we use to be a very silo-ed company. With SAP, the Heads of different Departments look to these people for fortitude of problems.

Investigating the effect of different liquid densities on the time taken to release 25 ml of alcohols Essay

* interrogation question* Does the change in crystalline densities at the akin temperature strickle the eon interpreted to exempt 25 ml of the inebriantic drink from a 50 ml buret?* Variables* Independent variable The fluidness niggardness / g ml-1.* Dependent variable The quantify interpreted to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a burette / s.* Controlled variables* The volume of alcohol in a burette / ml.* The temperature of the alcohols / oC.* The absence of unnecessary substances or ions.* The same burette for the entire experiment.* Prediction* The conviction interpreted to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a 50 ml burette is, stated by F. Weinberg (1984) 1, dependent on flow velocity and in particular ar very sensitive to small changes in the density difference amongst the two gass.* My prediction is, the higher(prenominal) the liquid density is, the more epoch filmn for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette. The conviction restitutionn to rel ease 25 ml of alcohol increases in order methyl alcohol, Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Butan-1-ol and Octan-1-ol.* manner* Apparatus* 50 ml burette (Uncertainty 0.500 ml).* Retort stand.* 125 ml ethanol C2H5OH 95.0%.* 125 ml methanol CH3OH 99.5%.* 125 ml propan-1-ol CH3(CH2)2OH 98%.* 125 ml butan-1-ol CH3(CH2)3OH 99%.* 125 ml octan-1-ol CH3(CH2)7OH 94%.* Thermometer (Uncertainty 0.0500 oC).* 5 x funnels.* 50 ml conic flask.* Casio stop stop (Uncertainty 0.0100 seconds).* Distilled piss.* run a risk assessment* The procedure uses poisonous alcohols. Notably, suggested by Department of Chemistry imperial beard College London (2006) 2, less than 2 teaspoons (2 ml) of methanol net cause blindness, and 2 table spoons (30 ml) can cause death. This toxicity is mainly due to it beingness converted in the body to formic acid and formaldehyde, which first ack-ack gun the cells in the retina, then the other vital organs. Plus, propan-1-ol is used as a common solvent and cleaning agent in c hemistry science laboratoryoratories. Also, because it evaporates rapidly, IPA is astray used in astringents to cool the skin and constrict surface p atomic look 18nthood vessels.* Goggles and lab coat be on that pointfore needed to be worn throughout the experiment.* Procedures1. Close the beleaguer and run some distilled urine into the top of the burette, then swish the burette up and down to permit the water clean all the inner(a) of the burette. Open the tap, let the water drain out.2. Attach the burette to the retort stand and take premeditation that the burette is upright and stable.3. Close the tap and use the funnel to mystify 25 ml of ethanol into the burette.4. Remove the funnel, make for sure that in that respect is no air bubble inside the burette. Measure the temperature of ethanol by the thermometer.5. Put the conical flask under the burette, adjust the height of the burette so that the tip of the burette is just above the lip of the conical flask.6. Open the tap and immediately start the stop watch.7. Stop the watch when 25 ml of ethanol is fully released from the burette.8. Continue to open the tap and collect the lieed ethanol in the burette.9. Repeat smell 1 to 8 four more measure.10. Then change ethanol with methanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol. Experiment step 1 9 with each alcohol.* Range and repeatings of experiment* There are 5 different ranges (The lowest value 0.789 g ml-1 & the highest value 0.826 g ml-1, Please refer to entropy Collection and Processing - Processed information).* The sign procedure is repeated 5 times and thus 25 results are recorded.* Control of variables* The volume of each alcohol type remains unceasing for every test at 25 ml. Different volumes of the alcohol sample may cause inaccuracies in terms of measuring the time taken to release. For instance, larger volume of the same alcohol sample certainly takes tenacious-lasting time to be released.* The temperature of each alcoh ol sample need to remain constant for every test at 20 oC (293 K). The analysis, written by Weirauch, D. A., Jr. (1998, December) 3, of the high-temperature sp acquireing kinetics for liquids affecting density shows that they can be modified with a constant shift factor. Therefore, higher temperature of the same alcohol sample may stamp down the time taken for the alcohol to be released.* The burettes and funnels are rinsed carefully with distilled water prior to the experiment to ensure that inside the burettes do not contain whatever unnecessary substances/ions. If present, they may move with the alcohols to form products which have different liquid density, as opposed to genuine liquid densities of the alcohols at 20 oC (293 K).* The same burette is used for every measurement. This is because burettes from the same manufacturer cannot be guaranteed to have the same radius of the tips (possessing comparatively small values). The use of different burettes can result differences in the time taken for the alcohol to be released.DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING* blunt data tableAlcoholsDependent& single-handedvariablesEthanolMethanolPropan-1-olButan-1-olOctan-1-ol pellucid density/ g ml-1at 20 oC (293 K) 40.7890.7910.8040.8100.8261st repetition age taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette / seconds 0.010039.043.067.082.01122nd repetitionTime taken / seconds 0.010041.044.069.081.01153rd repetitionTime taken / seconds 0.010038.046.070.083.01114th repetitionTime taken / seconds 0.010039.042.071.080.0114fifth repetitionTime taken / seconds 0.010040.045.070.079.0110.Table 2.1 shows the self-contained raw data table.* Processed data* Calculating the misbegotten time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette* Mean time taken / s = (1st + 2nd + 3rd + 4th + 5th psychometric test data) 5.AlcoholsDependent& independentvariablesEthanolMethanolPropan-1-olButan-1-olOctan-1-ol smooth-spoken density / g ml-1 at 20 oC (293K).0.7890.7910.8040.8100.826T he meanspirited time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette / 0.0100 seconds39.444.069.481.0112Table 2.2 shows the touch on mean time takento release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette.* Presentation of processed dataGraph 2.1 shows the relationship between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of each alcohol from a burette.* Treatment of uncertainties* I try to read off carefully volume of the burette from the bottom of the meniscus with my shopping mall level at the meniscus in order to make sure that the volume of each alcohol sample used is yet 25 ml.CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION* Graph analysis* According to the presented graph of the mean time taken to release 25 ml of different alcohols, there is a very toughened positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette as a very honorable line of best fit can be observed. (Please refer to Data Collection and Processing - Presentation of processed data - Image 2.1).* remainder* The results demonstrate that, the higher the liquid density is, the longer time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette.* The conclusion totally agrees with my hypothesis.* paygrade of procedures* Strengths* Safety in the laboratory is highly maintained (by wearing goggles, lab coat and being careful with glass apparatus to avoid any poisonous alcohols that may splash).* Standard ranges and repetitions are met, a very impregnable positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette is observed.* Quantitative investigation, with repeats strongly supporting each other, successfully proves that the expectations based on scientific knowledge are totally correct.* Weaknesses* Several inevitable uncertainties fade throughout the whole experiment which may account for inaccuracies in the collected data.* The concentrations of the alcohols vary from 94.0 % to 99 .5 %. The differences in concentration of each alcohol affect the dependableness of the data, since 25 ml of pure alcohols (or 5 alcohols with the same concentration) may take different time to be released from the burette.* Although there is a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette, the independent variables (liquid density) do not increase constantly due to the limited number of available alcohols (Please refer to Data Collection and Processing - Presentation of processed data - Image 2.1).* The entire procedures, although are simple, take a long time to finish because of the 50 ml burette need to take at least 3 times to extend 5 alcohol samples (5 repetitions for each alcohol), 25 ml each. Overall there are 15 times to add 25 alcohol samples since I decide to suss out 5 different alcohols. The more time I need to add more alcohols into the burette, the more likely inaccuracies to occur.* I mproving the investigation* The procedures can be partially replaced by computer data logging suggested by Laurence Rogers (1995) 5 to veto uncertainties from human errors when stopping the watch. The experiment can be programmed to collect the data (Time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette) automatically.* More alcohols with liquid densities within the ranges (The lowest value 0.789 g ml-1 & the highest value 0.826 g ml-1) can be tested to fill the 2 gaps between methanol and propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol in the presented graph. For instance, penta-1-ol has the liquid density of 0.815 g ml-1 at 20 oC (293 K) 6.* Pure alcohols should be bought in the same concentration to ensure the reliability of the collected data. Otherwise, diluting the alcohols to the same concentration can be less expensive, yet time consuming.* A larger burette, for instance, with measuring volume of 75 ml (only 2 times to add 5 alcohol samples, 25 ml each) will reduce the times need to pour more alcohols into the burette to 10. Not only this change in equipment may save time of experimenting, but in addition minimise the uncertainties.Bibliography1 Weinberg, F. (1984, December). Fluid flow from a low to a higher density liquid. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 15(4), 681. Abstract retrieved March 8, 2009, from Springer Link. electronic network site http//www.springerlink.com/content/n84726w432072592/2 Department of Chemistry. (2006, August 25). Biological effects of Methanol and Larger Alcohols. In Ethanol. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Imperial College London. Web sitehttp//www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/environmental/html/ethanol_text.htm3 Weirauch, D. A., Jr. (1998, December). Predicting the spreading kinetics of high-temperature liquids on solid surfaces (Vol. 12). Alcoa practiced Center. Retrieved March 8, 2009. doi10.1557/JMR.1998.04784 Process Calculator. (2009). SG. In Liquid Density. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from al-Qaida Business Models Pvt Ltd. Web site http//www.processcalculator.com/Liquid_Density.aspx5 Rogers, L. (1995, May). Sensors and The Data-Logger. In Hardware and software. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from schooltime of Education, University of Leicester Web site http//www.le.ac.uk/se/lto/logging/test1.html6 Process Calculator. (2009). SG. In Liquid Density. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Radix Business Models Pvt Ltd. Web site http//www.processcalculator.com/Liquid_Density.aspx

Persuasive Essay: Legalizing Marijuana Essay

ganja use is on the rise, especially among teenagers and young adults. With the recent laws passed in eighter states about legalizing medical checkup marijuana , m some(prenominal) stand divided when it comes to this never ending debate, but I firmly believe that this miracle working medicate should be legalized throughout the United States.marihuana is by far the virtually comm but used illegal drug. Statistics show that over 70 zillion Americans amaze tried Marijuana and over 20 million take it last year. So it is safe to assume that although marijuana use whitethorn decrease in the years to come, as did Heroin and LSD, it is here to stay. Colorado, Nevada, Alaska, California, Hawaii, Maine, surgery & Washington have already passed laws allowing the use of medical Marijuana. In the lapse of 1996, California voters approved the medical marijuana initiative ( propose 215). The act is authorise The Compassionate Use Act of 1996 and its purpose is to give Californians the right to have got and grow marijuana for medical purposes, where the medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a doctor who has determined the persons health would hit from the use of marijuana in the traversement of Cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraines, or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief.Nothing in the act permits persons victimisation marijuana for medical purposes to engage in conduct that endangers others, allows distribution of marijuana for non medical purposes or permits the buying or selling of marijuana. Dennis Peron, the man who launched proposition 215 also started the cannabis buyers club in San Francisco. The purpose behind outset this club was to distribute weed to AIDS, cancer and other patients. With only a doctors note the clubs 12,000members could buy pot and then wind aside while listening to music, nothing harmful at all And of of course the San Francisco police departme nt eventually closed the club down.The main supposition behind legalizing drugs is its medical advantages. Marijuana is said to have some uses as healing drug. Marijuana being used as music has been studied for many years. In many cultures it is used as medication and stems back many generations. The first recorded use of marijuana as medicine was in China. It has been said that in Pen Tsao Ching during the first or second century, boiled hemp compound was used as an anesthetic agent for surgical patients. The compound is said to have many uses including, clearing the blood, temperature reduction temperature, clearing fluxes, undoing rheumatism and discharging pus from patients. China isnt the only nation to use this drug in early times it was introduced in Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century. Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam are said to have underway uses of marijuana for medicine. In Cambodia they have an enormous list of uses, including, treating malaria, reliving asthm a, quiet the nerves, regulating the heart and treating paralysis. In Thailand, its used in kinsfolk medicine as well as in the official medical reports. In folk medicine, people dry the leaves and then boil them to treat migraines and dizzy spells.Marijuana has survived the passing of time and still helps the sick today. The mature stages of treatment for patients with Cancer, AIDS and other diseases often include, terrible nausea, vomiting, and different types of pain. Patients have reported much relief from these devastating symptoms by using marijuana. The embossment of said symptoms can be so striking that some patients and their families having been spontaneous to risk jail time to obtain or grow marijuana. Marijuana must be studied and tested more to prove military strength but because it is not legal, doctors dont want to study a drug that they could never use.In 1988 administrative law judge Francis progeny found that marijuana in its natural form is ane of the safes t therapeutically active substances known to man. At present it is estimated that marijuanas lethal dose is around 120,000 or 140,000. Or simply put, a smoker would theoretically have toconsume 20,000 to 40,000 times as much marijuana as is contained in one marijuana cigarette or joint, nearly 1500 pounds of marijuana in about fifteen minutes to induce a lethal response. Which basically means marijuana is non-lethal, as it is impossible to consume that much in such a short amount of time. Advocates of legalization raise several points. They claim the in that location would be fewer people selling drugs because it would be regulated and earnings would be cut. They also claim that drug-dealing criminals would virtually vanish causing plague and violence rates to plummet.Legalizing marijuana raises a lot of questions for instance, who would sell the drugs? one-on-one companies? The government? How would legalization affect health insurance and the overall price of healthcare? And probably the most important question of all, would the use of legalized drugs by employees in certain occupations be prohibited? Since marijuana can sojourn in the body for weeks after use, would marijuana use by employees in jobs in which safety and security are issues be forbidden, even when off the clock? What about airline pilots, surgeons, police, firefighters, military personnel, bus drivers, railroad engineers, intersection country truckers, nuclear reactor operators and even wall street brokers and teachers As far as America is concerned, we are the land of the free . Or are we? Do people have a right to blend in high? As times channelise and we progress into the future should our laws change as well? Only time will tell as the war against drugs wages on and the fight to legalized marijuana leaves a country divided.Work CitedLaFave, Kathi. Marijuana As Medicine?.www.personal.umd.umich.edu/marcyb/mj/lafave.html.online.1999Miller, Lawrence Richard. The Case For Legalizing Drugs. sassy York Praeger, 1991Schaler, Jeffrey A. Drugs. New York Prometheus Books, 1998Zimmer, Lynn, Morgan ,John P. Marijuana Myths Marijuana Facts. New YorkLindesmith Center, 1997.

A Leadership Profile of American Project Managers Essay

Although the aims and demands of customers devote always been the senior highest priority for any come out manager, increasing global competition, ever h cardinalening client expectations, and the magnitude of the pictures impact on a libertines bottom line has begun to place greater emphasis on the skills necessary to masteryfully learn todays take to teams. Historically, untroubled skillful skills and knowledge of the industry would get to been the key selection criteria. It was, in many cases, simply assumed that men and women who featureed these qualities would lead the cipher to a achieverful ending.Todays complex attend surroundingss lead even greater skills at leaders than ever before. Cookie-cutter formula-based charge was probably never correct, but in todays environment it pass on inevitably lead to disaster. Performance expectations for quality, cost trenchantness, timely deli truly, and a host of other client measures argon ratcheted-up a nonch e ach(prenominal) year. In the highly matched arna in which near learns operate, be they impertinent or crucial, the requirement to produce results that exceed client expectations has fix the norm.As one and only(a)ness respondent sh ard, I have non worked on a figure in the past quintette years that was not viewed by the client as being fast track The wager are high, and getting higher. The days when cost over thrashs and delayed completion were jet are history. So are the chucks where skillful individualnel were once allowed to investigate until they got it office. With the managerial practices of outsourcing, downsizing, total quality worry and ceaseless improvement comme il faut even more prevalent in our organisational environment, it after part be expected that roll managers are experiencing increased performance pressures.Internal see managers are possibly just as vulnerable to not having their contracts re-create as external consultants and contractor s. Recent Literature Jeffrey Pinto and Om Kharbanda shed light on this problem in two journal articles published in line of descent Horizons, Lessons for an accidental profession (1995) and How to fail in bulge charge (1996). These reasons punctuate the increased need for projectmanagers. Increasingly adeptly complex products and processes, vastly trim time-to-market windows, and the need for cross-functional expertise make project attention an important and strong tool in the hands of organizations that understand its use (Pinto & Kharbanda, 1995).In their review article article, How to fail in project instruction, the authors write a stinging literary criticism of the practices that combine to produce project failures (Pinto & Kharbanda, 1996). Karen Ayas (1996) takes a broader brash to the whole write up by dint of what she describes as a project network structure. The design of the dodge should stress the synergies between organisational strategy, structure, culture and systems to allow organizations to build and boom learning capacity. The application of process anxiety view to project management was reported new-fashionedly in Harvard Business Review. The study of leading companies such(prenominal) as AT&T, Hewlett-Packard and Raychem over an eight-year time span led the author to report that, managers can benefit by applying a process management approach to their product makement process.Companies can create an aggregate contrive that allows them to assign practices to theirprojects with an estimate of needed resources managers can eliminate congestion and foresightful hours by evening out workloads (Alder, Mandelbaum, Nguyen, & Schwerer, 1996). (See also Jungen & Wowalczyk, 1995. ) Bob Lewis (Info World, 1996) sets forth the five keys that he reckons differentiate victorious projects from the others scope control regular, concrete, reasonable results periodic status meetings team buy-in to the plan and walking around.Project man agement is considered a vital tool for the performance of business process reengineering. Project management allows organizations to break things down into simple processes and assign these activities and modules to individuals. This approach helps organizations mention animated built-in dependencies among processes A multidimensional forum for enterprisewide visibility is essential and leave behind lead to significant productivity and cost savings. Project management is the organisational glue that binds together spread, high accountable teams throughout the organization. Teams will test and demand a framework to turn back their success under the tonic rules of rapidly changing intensely competitive markets. Project management provides the framework, encourages dispersed leadership and provides visibility of effort to stakeholders throughout the organization (King 1996). Clearly, project managers are being viewed as pivotal leaders in the introduction and implementation of slightly(prenominal) functional and behavioral managerial changes.Are project managers masking their roles and responsibilities in the same light as the authors of leading journal articles? What do practicing project managers believe are the critical characteristics necessary to be effective? On the other hand, what factors tote up to producing ineffective project managers? On the operational side, what do they see as the primary causes of projects that fail to meet budgetary and time constraints? What do they see as the roughly effective project management tools, and the extent to which these tools reach to the success of a project?Finally, how reigning is the leadership factor in the success of a project and what are the specific characteristics and behaviors of leaders that will have a dogmatic trance on organizational effectiveness in the next decade? The authors frame no look into that specifically addressed these questions nor reported results obtained like a s hot from project managers.Research Instrument Design The research instrument was compressed of both open-ended and forced-answer questions. In addition, the respondents were asked their agreement or valuation of several statements through the application of a traditional five-point Likert scale ranging from a high of 5 to low of 1. The complete instrument was thus pretested by 12 project managers and executives in a number of loyals. All suggestions were incorporated into the final research instrument. The research instrument was then mailed to a selected sample of snow senior-level project managers who, it was assumed, would possess a wealth of puzzle regarding the issues being studied. The authors authorized 76 usable receptions to the research instrument from the mailing of 100.The extremely high response rate was due in part to an aggressive premailing and postmailing earphone campaign. The respondents were all relatively senior project managers with a minimum of 10 years experience in projectmanagement. All of the project managers surveyed were employed in gargantuan architectural and engineering consulting companies. Research Results and Discussion What Are the Characteristics of efficient Project Managers? The following results (presented in Table 1) were obtained from an open-ended question that asked respondents to list, in rank order, the characteristic that they believed was essential for effectiveness.Possibly the to the highest degree interesting grammatical construction of the project managers responses to this question was the fact that technical competence was the third highest rated characteristic. Eight of the nine characteristics were managerial in temperament, bounceing a prefatory understanding that effectiveness is directly related to the ability of theproject manager to lead and manage more than simply possess exceptional technical skills. This conclusion is consistent with the academic literature, but is more powerful wh en drawn from open-end responses of go through practicing project managers.What Factors Contribute to Ineffectiveness Among Project Managers? In order to raise the question of effectiveness in a different light, the project managerswere then asked, via open-ended questions, the specific nature of individual(prenominal) flaws of project managers that directly contribute to ineffectiveness, as well as the organizational factors that produced the same results. The intent of these questions was to identify how both personal flaws and organizational factors contributed to producing an ineffective project manager.To a large degree the personal flaws are a reverse image of the characteristics of ffective project managers from Table 1. There seems to be a good deal of internal consistency among the respondents (see Table 2). The organizational factors that contribute to becoming an ineffectiveproject manager are equally relevant, but not surprising. Lack of upper-management commitment an d brave out is a well-documented source of project problems. Theproject management literature has addressed each of the organizational barriers to effectiveness and it is again reinforcing to discover that the responses document that practicing project managers perceptions fully sustenance the literature.The past few decades have not seen the elimination of these classic sources of organizational ineffectiveness, although their negative impact on project performance has been known for al nearly time. Resistance to change and a reactive approach to environmental uplift are signs of a firm struggling with adjusting to newfangled competitive conditions. tralatitious fortify systems are generally not well suited toproject management. conventional reward systems tend to have very little direct linkage between the performance criteria of a project and payment.With competition being very intense in just about sectors, some projects are priced and sold at dangerously thin multip liers with little opportunity to show a significantly positive return. When the realistic expectations for the project are not considered in the compensation plan, it can be expected that dis enjoyment with the compensation or reward systems are bound to be voiced. Project managers know that under vexed competitive conditions, jobs are taken to keep the staff utilized and the expected clams margin is possibly at breakeven.It is often just as difficult to manage a project with no expected profit than one with above average profit expectations. In addition, reward systems seldom reflect the nature and varying degrees of difficulty of the task and often focalize but on the final profit numbers. Failure to develop a reward system that reflects the specific nature of the project can create emf long-term conflicts. Consider how new market entry is normally achieved the firm buys a project. The firm intentionally bids a project below what established competitors minimum bid to get t he work and, hopefully, enter a new market successfully.Logic would suggest that a firm would want one of its best project managers to lead such a project to ensure success. But if the projectaffords no opportunity to earn a performance motivator based on project profitability who would volunteer to take on a known loser? In too many cases, organizational insensitivity to the negative realties created by poor organizational practices and policies are not understood or simply ignored. The result of these negative practices and policies is the eventual wear of a potentially high-quality professional staff.The lack of upper management support and commitment results in a complete breakdown of trust and respect. bingle of the sure killers of motivation is when project managers become conditioned to being addicted by their management at the first sign of client conflict. As one project manager described the situation its want discovering that your management is sitting on the client side of the table at every meeting, and that you are left alone to defend every decision. It doesnt take too many such experiences beforeproject managers modify their style of management to protect themselves.Under these conditions one is not likely to find that the project team is performing to the maximum potential. What Are the Primary Reasons That Projects Experience budgetary and Timely Completion Problems? Table 3 reports the respondents reasons for why projects run into budgetary and timing problems. The most frequent responses reflect both organizational and managerial problems. As an example, failure to utilize the toolsavailable to manage a project to completion in a timely fashion and within budget was the most frequent response. Poor leadership on the part of the projectmanager was the split second most frequently reported cause of problems. Lack of effective interorganizational communication and a lack of timely decisions and corrective action were also reported. The only external factor mentioned by the respondents was the clients failure to respond in a timely fashion. Almost everyproject manager has dealt with clients who seemed unable or unwilling to make timely decisions yet retained their expectations that the project would be completed on time and within budget.It seems that managing the client is an art that only experience can teach. This need to learn the diplomacy of client management becomes more and more important as a client-oriented strategy is recognized as essential to survival. What Are the Project Management Tools Most Often Used and How trenchant Are They? Managing the project requires the skillful application of projectmanagement tools that are designed to see the project team complete the project on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of the client.Table 4 reports the responses from experienced project managers regarding the extent to which they use eight recognized project management tools and the extent to w hich the tools contribute to the success of a project. As you would expect, the two highest rated tools (actually tying for first) were the project schedule and theproject budget. Irrespective of project size or complexity, these project tools were rated highest in use and first and second in terms of contribution to the success of the project.Of the eight project management tools that the respondents were asked to evaluate, none were reported to be of no value. Some of the more lucubrate tools were employ less often and consequently may have been perceive as less priceless to project success. Despite the discussion in the projectmanagement literature regarding the need to increase the degree of accuracy in the tendency of the percentage of project completion, the earned value reporting tool, was rated the to the lowest degree used and correspondingly reported to have made the least contribution to the success of a project.The top five projectmanagement tools most often report ed as used (project schedule, project budget, project cost system, project execution plan, and client communication log) were also rated as making the greatest contribution to the success of the project. Clearb more effective project managers exercise managerial discipline in the consistent application of what they have found to be the most valuable project management tools for achieving success.What Are the Other Factors That Contribute to the Success of a Project? In addition to the direct managerial actions that project managers can take through the implementation of project management tools, project managers focus on their managerial and leadership skills as controlling sources of function that contribute to the successful completion of projects. Table 5 reports the source of influence on successful completion of a project as reported by the project managers surveyed.As expected, the decision made by the client was the strongest influence, with responding to the changing client request second. The third source of influence on the successful completion of a project is the desire to excel, reflecting the strong positive personal motivation of project managers to make every project they lead a success. The decision made by the project team and the pressures from inside the project were the next highest rated sources of influence reflecting the need for the project manager to focus on the leadership of the project team.Equally interesting are the lowest rated sources of influence on the success of aproject. Respondents give little or no faith to luck or external politics as barriers to success. How Critical Is the leaders Factor to Project Success? Given the many factors that can directly or indirectly influence the success of a project, do projectmanagers believe that there is one overriding factor that contributes to whether a project will be a success or a failure? In fact, the answer is yes.When asked to weigh the percentage of success or failure of a pr oject that can be contributed directly to the pressure of either positive or negative leadership the responses were powerfully revealing (see Table 6). commanding leadership contributes almost 76% to the success of a project. Consider what this response means. Variation in projectsuccess can be contributed to the leadership displayed on the project by 76%. Equally meaningful is the second statistic negative or poor leadership contributes 67% to the failure of projects.Clearly, firms that fail to train and reinforce the need for project managers to practice positive leadership seem to run an unacceptable risk. In a recent interview with five crime presidents of major engineering consulting firms, a question was posed regarding the number of projects in the past five years that failed due to a lack of technical competence on the part of the project manager or the project team. In what was estimated by them to be more than 1,000 projects, both large and small, the executives could s eparate only 10 failures due to lack of technical competence.Yet, when you ask most company executives what the most critical criteria for promotion to project manager is, technical competence generally leads the list of responses. Possibly what is absent is the recognition that technical competence must be supported by persons who are resourceful of managing a project and providing positive leadership to the team. All the evidence of recent research supports the idea that successful projects are led by individuals who possess a blend of technical and management knowledge, but beyond both, leadership skills.Sensitivity to the clients needs, the composition of the project team, the strategic immensity of the project to the firm, and the technical requirements of the project reflect themselves in a continuous stream of communication and personal interactions that serve to reveal the true nature of theproject manager. Project managers were asked to rate 50 characteristics or behavior s that they believed, based on their experience, would have a positive influence on organizational effectiveness in the next decade.Tables 7 and 8 highlight the highest and lowest rated characteristics and behaviors and reveal some very interesting findings. The highest rated characteristics and behaviors build a profile of an individual that most of us would wish to work for. The profile reveals a leader who recognizes that it is suddenly essential to build aproject team, reinforce positive behavior, communicate, demonstrate trust and respect, develop team members and empower them to perform and set goals succession remaining malleable to respond to the inevitable changes.Important by their absence from the golden 12 are characteristics and behaviors such as technical expertise, individualistic, effective organizational politician, or detail oriented. The profession has moved beyond the mind-set that the best-qualified individual to get up to the project managers position is t he best technical person or some flashy politically savvy character with the right contacts. Table 8 reports the characteristics and behaviors that practicing and experienced project managers rated as the 12 least important characteristics for the achievement of organizational effectiveness.Some of these responses were a surprise to the researchers while others were not. Project managers rated strategic thinker very low. This may be explained by the fact that many project managers are totally operations-oriented and become abstruse only when the job is sold. In terms of preparation for promotion into the firms executive ranks this shortcoming could be costly. Yet, this lack of recognition of the need for the practice of strategic thinking may explain the managerial practices of some firms who employ project managers.

Administrative Theories in Public Administration Essay

I reserve never thought that administrative theories in Public Administration has been established back in 1800 with theorizer who have discovered or developed and nowadays has been fragment of the administration of the Philippine government. The earliest contributors to our understanding of management theory included practicing managers as well as social scientist. More recent theorist has tended to be academic or management consultants. The betimes theorist can be divided into 2 main groups the practicing managers such, as Taylors and Fayol and the social scientists, such as Mayo and Mc Gregor.Meet the Mr. Taylor, the theorist of Scientific Management. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), angiotensin converting enzyme of the early practical manager-theorist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, spent the greater part of his brio working on the problems of achieving greater efficiency on the shop-floor w present he manages. The ancestor he came up with was based directly on his own last at work, initially as a shop floor worker and later as a manager. He pi oneers scientific management which includes The magisterial study of the relationships between and labours to redesign the work for higher efficiency.Taylor sought to edit the time a worker spent on each task by optimizing the focusing the task was done. Scientific Management Theory Organizations were want ways to better satisfy customer needs Machinery was changing the way goods were produced Managers had to increase the efficiency of the worker-task mix According to him, there atomic number 18 4 Principles to increase efficiency that are a. Study the way the job is performed now and determine new ways to do it. Gather detailed, time and doing information try different manners to see which is best b.Codify the method into rules Teach to all workers c. Select workers whose skills match the rules set in step2 d. fall in a fair level of mathematical operation and pay for higher performance Workers should benefit from higher output But, Taylor recognizes that the measures he was proposing would appear to be more(prenominal) than just a new method they would be revolutionary. He express that the outset that scientific management would require a complete psychogenic revolution on the part of management and workers.Henry Fayol (1841-1924) father of late management theory He divided industrial into 6 groups technical, commercial, financial, security, be & managerial And formulated the 14 Principles of management which we are using it each day in our daily activities, allow me to enumerate them and somehow spread a little. Division of Labor allows for job specialization, Authority and responsibility Fayol storied firms can have too much specialization leading to low quality and worker involvement. Unity of command employees should have one boss. descent of authority a clear chain from top to bottom of the firm. centralization the degree to which authority r ests at the very top. Unity of direction one plan of action to guide the organization. Equity treat all employees clean in justice and respect. Order each employee is put where they have the to the highest degree value. Initiative encourages innovation. Discipline obedient, applied, respectful employees needed. Remuneration of Personnel The payment trunk contributes to the success. Stability of nature long term employment is important.General pursuit over personal interest the organization takes precedence over the individual. Esprit de army corps share enthusiasm or devotion to the organization. I have added here some of the theorist I researched which I consider to be value sharing. Mary Parker an influential leader in early managerial theory. a. Suggested workers service in analyzing their jobs for improvements b. The worker knows the best way to improve the job c. If workers have the knowledge of the task, then they should assure the task. The Hawthorne Studies It appears that the workers enjoyed the attention they received as part of the study and were more productive. Contingency Theory Assumes there is no one best way to manage The environment impact the organization and managers mustiness be flexible to react to environmental changes The way the organization is designed, control systems selected, depend on the environment Conclusion As management theories evolved in centuries, the principles and ideas were never changed yet it has been a guiding value to those who are in public nor private service and to those who are employed and business people.Its amazing how they have passed on to many generations of people who wanted to involve and use the theories. The theories have been explicit in explanations and user-friendly, though there are theorists who have presented different thoughts on the earlier theorist but if we quiz deeply, its all the same, only presented in different design. Before I end, I would just like to emphasize the last part of the theories because it speaks close our relationship with the environment and how we will relate environmental, Technological environments change cursorily so must managers.

Therapeutic Recreation

Therapeutic Recreation is the purposeful utilization or enhancement of vacuous as a way to maximize a souls over exclusively wellness, well cosmos, or quality of life. Therapeutic Recreation programs for psychic infirmity may baffle seasonal classes in m any(prenominal) beas that may include exercise, swim, adapted karate and business deals. Therapeutic am riding habitment programs ar specifically intentional for somebodys with disabilities. Groups argon usually small and the participant to round ratio is suspend to the needs of the theme.The activities be planned to meet the interest of the participants and b belyt be undivided(a)ized. In different communities there atomic number 18 different things for spate with moral illness to do. In some community they even suffer jobs mickle can do to get them back in the community and kick the bucketing. Lamar molybdenum has lots of programs that determine multitude that have rational illness in jobs. I have eve n talked to the manager for Mc Donald and he has put to work people with mental illness and he said to me they are the best dam workers I think I have.Even in Pittsburg Kansas they have programs to put clients into the work place and let them make some m atomic number 53y. or so people see working in indian lodge are jobs nonwithstanding the clients see it as a way to get out of the dwelling and they enjoy it to an extent I would say it is fun. Some general fun programs may be adapted to include a soulfulness with a disability using auxiliary aids and services, but the complex body part of the action, group size and staff remains the same.Making it a little harder on the staff and the staff are not able to provide one to one assistance or excessized support to an extent. Some places there are programs and activities that can suit all ages, interests, and skill takes. Activities include swimming classes, craft classes, trips, camps, childrens programs, special events, an d varied offerings every season. One program I was reading about was dancing. It is for ages 15 and up with mental illness. You dance to a world of rhythm and engage in playful rhythmic forepart for fitness and coordination.Includes line dances, circle dances, folk dances. Designed especially for teens, and adults with developmental disabilities, that one was for a person with risqueer function. There are programs a person with lower functioning can dance to as well. You can take that program and modify a little and make it for any one or any age very easily. The program I was reading made people pay for the programs but with some to a not bad(p)er extent modifications and some sponsors it could be all free. Some places they have ides urge the individuals with mental illness into programs at their neighborhood frolic centers, assuring that cities and parks and diversionary attack programs are accessible and usable by all citizens. Inclusion netherworld conduct assessments, dev elop goals for participation, and provide demand support, including increased supervision takes, adapting games and activities and teach of recreation center staff, to ensure that the needs of the person with disabilities are being met.Volunteers are a very important part of the remedial recreation services program. In many areas there are a kind of volunteer opportunities are available for those ages thirteen and up including students needing service hours. I dont know if the program is in this area nonetheless but there is a program Specialized Recreational broadcast Parenting with love and logic. This program is for parents, and teachers it is a user friendly and often highly successful program that is heavily wrapped in empathy but soles not shield children from consequences of their actions.It empowers children to solve their problems and dish up parents change their behaviors to relieve stress and pressure. Of melt nothing works all the time, but this anecdotal program and the expertise of your presenter will, in a safe and nonthreatening environment, invite you to change the moreover person you can change, yourself. I think that program would be great for parent that dont really know how to deal with their children or even the ones that think they do even if it dont work it still gave them a little more knowledge. It will give them another(prenominal) outlook on how to teach their child.Therapeutic RecreationTherapeutic recreation is a treatment service forgeed to restore, remediate and rehabilitate a persons level of functioning and independence in life. tally to WHO- The world health organisation, health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to meliorate their health. wellness promotion represents a ecumenical neighborly and political process, it not only embraces actions directed at modify the skills and capabilities of individuals but also the action directed towards changing the social, environme ntal and frugal conditions.The Ottawa Charter identifies lead basic strategies for health promotion. These advocacys for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above enabling all people to achieve their full potential, and mediating betwixt the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. In suppose to promote healthy lifestyles in a population or an individual a number of influences have been created. For this study some(prenominal) the blank capability stick and the wellness apology/wellness Promotion model are being looked at and compared. The scratch of these models being looked at is the Health Protection/Health Promotion example.This model, created by Austin 1991, sees the purpose of therapeutic recreation as facilitating the client to observe following a threat to health such as drug addiction, alcohol addiction, psychiatric dis station etc, also known as health protection, and to achieve optimal health through health promoti on. Hence for this intellect this models chief aim is to use bodily process, recreation or leisure to serving people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and assist them to sift for their highest levels of wellness, (Austin, 1997). There are four major concepts that underlie the Health Protection/ Health Promotion regulate (HPHPM).These are the Humanistic Perspective, high-altitude Wellness, The Stabilisation and Actualisation Tendencies and Health. Humanistic Perspective- Those who embrace the humanistic sentiment hope that each of us has the responsibility for his/her own health and the capacity for fashioning self-directed wise choices about our own individual health status. Because an individual is responsible for their own health it is important to encourage individuals to become snarled in decision making and to gather maximum knowledge to improve their health.Austin encourages that the population are active participants in the world, rather than p assive voice puppets controlled by the environment. The humanistic perspective focuses on the positive depiction of what it means to be human. Human nature is viewed as basically good, and humanistic theorists focus on orders that allow fulfilment of an individuals potential. high-level Wellness- The term high level wellness was first coined by Dr. Halbert Dunn in his book in 1961, he defined it as an integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable.Dunns concept of high level wellness is, like the humanistic perspective is a holistic approach that goes beyond the absence of physical illness to include both psychological and environmental wellness. For this author Austin surmises that high level wellness goes beyond traditional medicine and toward helping people to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving. Austin further goes on to compare the similarities between high level wellness and therapeutic recreation as both have been heavily influenced by the humanistic perspective.Stabilisation and Actualisation Tendencies- These are two motivational forces which the Health Protection/ Health Promotion Model are based on. Stabilising tendencies helps to maintain a steady read of an individual. It looks at keeping the stress levels of an individuals life at a maintainable level and not to let the stressors in a persons life to spiral out of control jumper cable to health find behaviour (HRB), hence for this reason stabilisation tendencies is the ride force behind Health Protection.The actualization tendency drives a person towards health promotion which focuses on achieving an individuals high level of wellness. Health- health is the final underlying concept of The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model. The net goal of this concept is to help a client to strive toward health promotion. Penders (1996) definition of health incorporates stabilisation and actuali sation tendencies, therefore interlinking health with the previous underlying concept of the model.For this reason healthy people can cope with lifes stressors and encourages clients to perfect their own health rather than improving their health just to convalesce form illness. Austin (1997) believes that those who enjoy health have the opportunity to plight the highest levels of personal growth and development. Having looked at the underlying concepts of the model there are three broad areas of a continuum to be understood in order to design a therapeutic recreation program for any client. These are i. Prescriptive activities When clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed.The therapeutic recreation military group, at this stage of the continuum must provide direction and structure to the client as means of an intervention due to a sense of impuissance that can last produce severe depression. ii. Recreation through recreation, clients begin to regain their equilibrium disrupted by stressors so that they may once again resume their quest for actualization. They take part in intrinsically motivated recreation put throughs that produce a sense of restraint and accomplishment within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere.Mutual participation on behalf of the client and the TRP go bys and the client begins to have fun and find new ways to interact with others. iii. void This is a means to self-actualization because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to unfold themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. This stage is based on The waste Ability Model whereby they look at leisure exclusively as a means of therapeutic recreation. At this stage of the continuum, clients claim primary responsibility for their own health.So from looking this model ultimately it can be said that health and actualization are tight intertwined. The attainment of high level wellness per mits actualization. Those who enjoy peak health are free of barriers to actualization so that they may actively be personal growth and development. When clients are initially taking part in a program based on this model they have a acquire helplessness and take a lack of responsibility but as they expire down the continuum they assume primary responsibility for themselves. The Leisure Ability Model.The second model being discussed is The Leisure Ability Model. The Leisure Ability Model (LAM) which was draw up by Peterson and Gunne in 1984 focuses on leisure as a prevention of illness rather than the use of medication. This model can be used deliberate in hand with The HPHPM or can be used alone when designing a therapeutic recreation program to demote a health risk behaviour. Peterson and Gunne, when designing this model thought that recreation and leisure are necessary experiences that all people should enjoy and take part in, including those with limitations or disabilities bo th physical and mental.The purpose of the model is therefore to facilitate the development, maintenance and manifestation of an appropriate leisure lifestyle for individuals or groups with physical, emotional, mental or social limitations. The LAM offers an alternative to more traditional medical models for those with special needs. The Leisure Ability Model was constructed with the belief that the end product of therapeutic recreation services for clients was improved independent and satisfying leisure functioning, also referred to as a leisure lifestyle (Peterson, 1981, 1989 Peterson & Gunn, 1984).Similar to the HPHPM, the Leisure ability model also has a number of underlying concepts, these include Learned Helplessness, unalienable motivation, sexual locus of control, and causal attribution, Choice and finally Flow. Learned Helplessness- numerous individuals with disabilities and/ or illnesses experience learned helplessness. This could be learned during childhood when others did things for the individual, or through repeated exposure to settings where one learned to become a passive patient upon whom procedures were performed according to a routine.Learned helplessness robs the individual of a sense of mastery and self-determination but is also beyond that individuals control. After having experienced life so farther as helplessness in one leisure activity, a person may firmly believe that he or she is abnormal, inadequate, and lacks basic skills in that activity. As a consequence, the person believes that they are handicapped to participate in this activity and this belief may then generalize to personal carrying into action in other areas of leisure behaviour.Iso-Ahola (1980) reports that there are three consequences of learned helplessness, these are i. A lack of internal motivation to escape the conditions which turn over to the state of helplessness. ii. A lack of cognitive understanding of personal effectiveness, iii. A heightened state of emo tionality. Intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control and causal attribution- The three concepts of intrinsic motivation, locus of control and personal attribution are elaborately linked, and help to explain the basis for the provision of therapeutic recreation services. exclusively individuals are intrinsically motivated towards behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control. An internal locus of control implies that the individual takes responsible for the behaviour and consequences which may occur from the behaviour. The opposite of this is external locus of behaviour i. e. leaving others take the satanic for your own mistakes.Personal attribution implies that the individual accepts that they can affect the end of a situation, they can make a decision that matters somehow to something. Without a sense of personal causat ion, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness (the feeling that external others are in control) increases greatly. Choice- The Leisure Ability Model also relies heavily on the concept of choice. Choice implies that the individual has the knowledge, skills and attitudes which facilitate choice and the desire to choose.This suggests emancipation, freedom from constraints and freedom to exercise an option to an individual that initially felt restricted. The Leisure Ability Model emphasizes content areas that help clients build skills in a variety of areas which, in turn, should allow them options for prox independent leisure functioning. Flow- A fourth, closely related concept is that of catamenia (Csikszentmihalyi 1990). Flow suggests a state of balance between skill level and activity challenge which leads to a level of concentration and energy cost which is absorbing or consummating in form.When skill level is high and activity challenge is low, the indiv idual is quite likely to be bored. When the skill level is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious leading to an uneven flow. A therapeutic recreation effect must attempt to balance both to keep flow. These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation personnel to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle.The Leisure Ability Model contains three major categories of service treatment or replenishment which is directed towards therapy and/or rehabilitation, leisure education revolves around the development of activity skills and social interaction skills as well as issues for leisure counselling, and special recreation which involves the provision of recreation programs for members of special groups such as autism or down syndrome.Each of these three service areas is based on obvious client ne eds and has specific purposes, expected behaviour of clients, roles of the specialist, and targeted client outcomes. As with The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model these service areas ensnarl along a continuum. The clients role in special recreation programs includes great decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. As with the HPHPM the client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic without the dictatorship of a TRP.In conclusion, from having looked at and critically compared and evaluated both The Health Protection/Health Promotion Models and The Leisure Ability, The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model appears to be an extension of The Leisure Ability Model. The Leisure Ability Models ultimate goal is leisure compared to The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model uses leisure as the final means towards its ultimate goal of optimal health. When designing a therapeutic recreation program, the therapeutic recreation pe rsonnel may go back and forth between the models in order for the program to be client specific.

Intimations of the American Character: Five American Writers

the Statess only 230 long time aged(prenominal), give or carry on, thitherfore to ask after the Ameri bottom font is untold the same as asking after the guinea pig of a two-year anile non impossible, save hardly definitive. T heres a an anecdote of general reportage that on Nixons firstly trip to China Kissinger asked monoamine oxidase what he thought of the French Revolution. Mao answered that it was excessively soon to tell.Perhaps it is similarly soon to tell what the Ameri stinker character is as can be determined in the literature of the seventeenth 19th Centuries, but unmatched cannot mistake that in the various formulateing of its first significant authors (writers who felt themselves sufficiently invested in this democratic examine spread over some six million squ ar miles of fine- attend toing and infinitely re character referenceful land) the first intimations if not indications of who and what we argon (as opposed to where we came from the old countries) light up themselves known.Harold Bloom, Professor, author, reader, man of extraordinary powers of memorization, idiosyncratic, self-proclaimed Falstaffian, wrote, ironic altogethery decent, a practice authorize The Anxiety of Influence. With reference only to the title, which implies so much, especi eachy for any wouldbe artist who seeks place his/her own unique stamp on his/her cipher, atomic number 53 encounters the first problem for the truly creative We are not innate(p) with forbidden context. Mozarts aside, we mustiness school ourselves, absorb, learn, model, mimic and copy before we write, paint, sing, play music, dance, in a wholly new and pilot film air.The struggle to achieve what is original implies its own anxiety. Like Michelangelos slaves f marble, will we ever intercept free? Has American broken free of its overwhelming British influences? And if we fill broken free, if we stir achieved a unique and American voice, to whom do we owe the credit for the vast break with our bi-continental past? The important word here is context. No source is tapped in a vacuum. We are the progeny of forebears we are the ancestors of those to come.Time being what it is we can only look back. First, review the grim declamations of Jonathan Edwards and retrieve the anxiety of that faith which rested in an angry God, full of spit, dissolve and fury, an unhappy parent disappointed in his children, a God in a nominally Christian human, whos narrowed the avenue of repurchase to inches of rock-ledge that can be traversed by so few that a looks left with little to do but warn his assemblage about how bad its going to be when theyre dropped like spiders into the eternal flame.Of course, no God is ever as awful as his companyers and Edwards admonitions are the high point of that drive towards purity which pack the puritans from the corrupt Anglicanism of Elizabeth and James (not to mention Henry VIII who had his own take mercy and forgiveness). If a ngiotensin-converting enzyme were to read too much of Jonathan Edwards, one big businessman conclude that the American character is a dour, determined and fatalistic, the unfortunate dissolver of Augustines fear dripped through Calvins Swiss rectitude by way of Anglo-Saxon provincialism played out in the work force and minds of truly brave pilgrims determined to reform themselves al most(prenominal) out of existence.In terse the first structure of Americas self, its character, was a reaction to the wavering, the wiggle-room, and the corruptness in late Elizabethan, Jamesian-Protestantism. It is the expression of what one stack capacity holding to a god whos angry with the failure of his children. But Edwardss declamations are not the word of god so much as their expression of man angry with man.Ironically, the supposed anger of this god, by way of Edwards, will move Puritan congregation to embrace a work value orientation (Protestant, New England, rural, elemental, purifyi ng) which will stand in ambition to the source of the Reformation, itself Luthers reading of Romans which asserts salvation by grace and not by good works. But time passed and America, with its depth and breadth of resourcefulness, its brave and entrepreneurial people who made the move, took the chance, crossed the ocean in search of a better life, and would not be held captive in the ornate arrange of those ministers well-schooled in the endless dark night of the soul.Brave people, entrepreneurs, the can-do sort of people who cross oceans are not the type of people to succumb to anxieties. And they are not without humor. Indeed they require humor, because humor is the step-sister of practicality. The ironic point of view, the wit, the knavish turn of phrase, the creativity and intelligence of the comedic mode, are often the best delegacy to drive home points and conclusions and directives that might other perspicacious be lost in the didactic drone of dogma.Ben Franklin gave v oice to humor and common sense and practicality in his writings. We look upon him now, perhaps unfortunately, as a cartoon figure of Disneys imagination, or that precious gent employed each proterozoic pass to dress up in velvet, lace and granny glasses, to walk the streets of Philadelphia and flash children with the stilted language of the poor mimic. But to do so would be our loss. Franklin was a genius.He was a polymath, self educated and like most early Americans, born (as if dropped whole) into a new land affording infinite potential without the floors or ceilings of given classes, gifted with the curiosity and intelligence to make sense out of the new, original American experience, and to express the process for others. He was an inventor, a theme man, a man of letters, a political in-fighter, a political theoriser schooled in the writings of the Enlightenment.He was a humanist who, unlike his ascetic Puritans ancestors of capital of Massachusetts and environs, believed t hat humans were of value, body, mind and spirit. Franklin dared to believe, in the most general sense of the lesser-dogmatic theists that man was deserving of something better than Edwardss angry white bearded, sententious, demanding, unpredictable, inconsistent and different God.Through Franklin the American character first developed the genius of common sense, bring up with humor. In the settlement of New York by the inveterate, humanistic Dutch and Philadelphia by the easy, peaceful, sometimes silent Quakers, Franklin, the man who traveled south, denied the anxiety driven, forbidding orb view (so often fostered in too-cold climates) that sought to prepare man for eternity while denying the value of the here and now.Through Franklin we learn that man is capable of creativity, here and now, that man can better his station in life, that life is cost living and that process, ritual, form and style (Franklins writing can not but reflect some of the 18th Century politesse) are mea nt to follow function and that substance, rather than appearance, is the determinative value.Throughout a review of Franklins writings, one is struck by that wave of humanism and democratic values that asseverate themselves in the wake of effete royalties and courts and found their most eloquent expression in the preamble to Americas Declaration of Independence, penned by Jefferson (edited, polished, affirmed, if not ghost written by Franklin. ) Emerson, the sage of Concord, virtually unknown in cocktail conversation today, but for the notion of some salty rigid watchful New England self reliance, is the American writer with whom all American writers must contend.Like America, itself, full of contradiction in termss and principles that outran its real self, Emerson was an iconoclast, who looked about the beauty of Concord and saw that although the world was good, man made institutions, were, over time, necessarily corruptible and, instead of assisting the single(a) in his walk through life, last hindered the individual from clear sight, a post-Christian pantheism, a transcendent vision of Gods shockingeur and all that can be deduced, derived from that.In a way analogous to the solitary desolation of the dark night of the soul, Emerson encouraged the brave entrepreneurial American, optimistic, human, and sufficiently wise not only to appreciate the comedic mode of life (i. e. , life is ultimately and always salvageable), but to travel past the thickets of dogma, to apply his gifted and most importantly his co-creative mind to an understanding of the world about him. Yes, the America might be the New Jerusalem, a new place of unbounded somatic grace, but the kingdom must be experienced within as well.Emersons transcendent view is best appreciated when one posits the double-dyed(a) permeability of the divine through nature and then through the very self. Humanism need not stand in opponent to Edwardss angry god, but need only accommodate God, affording Him the place hes had forever, within and without ourselves. Thoreau lived a mile from Emerson. They were friends to the degree that that they could offer and get down friendship.Both were complex, but Thoreau gave voice and body to complexities, contradictions that flowed from Emersons first indications of a unambiguously American voice. (All men are created equal, and yet Americans buy and sell slaves. ) Thoreau is a photographic negative to much of what Emerson implies. Tough they both lived in this gee new country, Thoreau, the prophet, in like manner recognized problems which would and still occur to this day in a country so bountiful it invited a work ethic as boundless as its resources, size and frontiers.Work is a balm to the impatient and energetic soul. Perhaps its too much to say that all work is busy work (though a walk down common Avenue on a Monday in September might make one wonder), but work and the Americans over-praise of the over-valued activity is a defen se to works essential nature a perplexity from the anxiety of being. Americans praise those Americans who work hard, keep their heads down, work hard, never look up, never question, and might ask after function but never resolve.And these are the workers, the people, the men and women, who live the lives of quiet desperation. Thoreau is a radical in that he goes to the very source of an idea cloaked in so many assumptions and givens that the questioning itself renders him an iconoclast, an eccentric of the first order. Living alone by a pond is nothing compared to asking those questions which might upset the underpinnings of a society too busy to ask anything. Thoreau loafs with the intensity of a Kant.He questions not only the American way of life with its work ethic, but also the proposition that lifes primary value lies in work and that through work (only work) man will find his identity, ultimately his purpose and after this life perhaps his salvation. Thoreau is a loafer lik e Whitman, but Thoreau does not loaf to escape work, he loafs to escape meaningless work and to question the assumptions of New England in the early 19th centuryTheres a cliche in the work-a-day world, devoted to the corporate mind and group opine that sublimates the individual to the will and survival and perhaps betterment of the group. It is this Nobodys indispensable. Thoreau either heard or intuited this dismissal of the human and his efforts (Willy Loman 100 old age on), and said Why do we engage in a administration which demands our lives, makes false promises and considers us utterly dispensable? The American work ethic makes promises and offers the appearance of payback to justify itself. Indeed, such a charade is one under-pinning of the capitalist system.Were promised ticky-tacky houses, country clubs, swimming pools, unlimited credit at usurious rates, nice clothes, the right schools for above-average kids, and of course the magical totem , the icon, the car, the uber -van, the humvee, the mode of merchant vessels that will tell them who we are. Thoreau anticipated all of this the uneasy contract by which Americans remain trapped in the first and second levels of the hierarchy of postulate while our demi-gods of celebrity and power achieve a self-actualization denied everybody else. Not amazingly we are then bought off with television, sports, bread and circuses.One of the contradictions in Thoreau is that the assertion of the individual is Romantic, but the means employed is ascetic and classical. To live deliberately is not to live with frippery or Bouchers swings or the ease of decadent courts. To live deliberately is a radical undertaking, directing the speedy to slow up down to take time to loaf and view the smallest, finest things, those effects of founding which in their brief majesty put to shame all the unsatisfying memos, briefs, papers, efforts and transactions set down in the 19th Centurys ethos of success and wealth as the out ward sign of grace.Thoreau stands in opposition to the Americas madness for work. Walden has changed lives. People have been seen reading it during their speed commutes. Whitman turns within and explodes without. He does not so much challenge the sting and bustle of the great democratic experiment as he seeks to continue it, to swallow it, to take it in, because the genius of the poet this new American poet is begin enough, grand enough, to express the vastness of it all. Indeed every helping of every part is a part of every part.To turn within is to look without, to tie in the All. Whitman breaks the line open. Even a grade student looking at a poem by Whitman and a poem by Philip Freneau cant help but see the difference in form. The old and tired expresses itself in neat stanzas, century old rules. But Whitmans lines span the page. They scan and pose propositions only to complete the circle with their opposition stated like closing a door on a completed whole. The complimen t forms the greater proposition.This is a poet not so much of contradictions (though he admits as much), but a poet, like a demi-god, who can reconcile the apparent and real contradictions of life. Does America contradict itself (Slavery All men are created equal)? Yes. Can America reconcile its contradictions? Perhaps. One war says we have other wars say we have not. Perhaps its too smooth to remark that whereas the country was split north and south, Samuel Clemens, born in Missouri, a border state, obtained his unique voice traveling north and south along a river which in its own way sought to hold the war-ridden halves together.In Huckleberry Finn Twain reconciles the optimism and humor of Franklin, the adventuresome self-reliance of Emerson, Thoreaus marginal iconoclast and Whitmans reconciled over-soul. And yet, Mark Twain, the humorist, the colloquial voice of wisdom, the wooly relative we place at the head of the table, soon encountered, as America encountered the cracks and flaws of life, its stochastic terribleness, its self-inflicted wounds.At the very heart of the American character is the mater of slavery, the ludicrous contradiction of eloquence scripted to blow trumpets of gold and light bonfires of liberty that would out-enlighten the enlightenment. And still the ships came from the west coast of Africa. Slaves bought and sold. These contradictions are essential. They are indicators of life itself and incomplete America, its character nor its poets and writers are immune.Though we can look fondly on Americas optimism, humor, practicality, favor of substance over form, the acknowledgment that form follows substance, that in America merit counts we must also look upon the all too common type, born of the all too common fatigue unmingled in a country that offers just enough in a zero-sum game to keep the citizen alive one more day, for one more effort, for one more expenditure We know the desperate worker, who expends enormous amounts of energy, win over himself, fooling himself that what he does has meaning and purpose, that hes paid enough (as all those bleeding-heart liberal programs for all those minorities dont get in the way) and that someday, maybe when he retires with a weak heart and a fatigued spirit, he and his wife will travel the length and breadth of this great country and call to mind something of what that old gay poet wrote something about atoms and bed-fellows and lilacs This too is the American character desperate, tired, vain, prejudiced, spent, rigid, utterly human and, for all of it, ultimately forgivable.

Gaining Wisdom Through Suffering Essay

apprehension is a difficult thing to define and understand. Its easily recognized when people have carry outd it. Wisdom is a tricky thing to obtain. Wisdom is the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment. King Lear was vacuous in the beginning of the play, but in the end he gained recognition from his slides. Morrie from Tuesdays with Morrie was wise in the beginning of the book and became wiser in the end. Through woe King Lear and Morrie obtained wiseness. ?At the beginning of the play, Lear was a selfish man.Power was actually important to him. Suffering turned Lear from a selfish man wanted to be treated as a king without having the responsibilities that come with tally a farming, to a man that comes to realize his morals and values. Lear gave away his kingdom to Gonerial and Regan but motionlessness wanted the same status and power of king. Lear gained wisdom through with(predicate) his mistakes of banishing his youngest daughter, Cordelia. Lear comes to the realization of his foolishness in act three. For instance, Let howl rumble Let lightning spit fireThe rain, the wind, the thunder and lightning argon non my daughters. Nature, I dont accuse your weather of unkindness. I never gave a kingdom or raised you as my child, and you dont owe me any obedience. Here King Lear is coming to terms of his mistake of giving away his kingdom to the wrong people. He then goes on So go ahead and have your terrifying fun. Here I am, your slave a poor, sick, weak, hated, old man. But I can still accuse you of kowtowing, taking my daughters side, against me, ancient as I am.Oh, its foul In this scene Lear is in the storm with Kent and the fool. In this act the king is turning from an arrogant man to a stately man. It takes king Lear a complete breakdown to realize his mistake. ?Next, Lear gained wisdom through insanity and the cruelness of his to eldest daughters. For example, his eldest daughter Gonerial humiliates his loyal courier Ke nt. Lear is telling kent his own flesh and blood would never commit much(prenominal) an act. They durst not dot. They could not, would not dot. Tis worse than murder to do upon respect such violent outrage.Resolve me with all modest hastiness which way thou mightst deserve or they impose this usage, coming from us. (II iv 16-20). In this scene Kent was telling the king how his own daughter betrayed him. Lear is astonished that they would want to humiliate him and is realizing he is losing his status as king. ?Morrie also gains wisdom through suffering. In addition, Morrie was wise from the start but through his unwellness he gained more wisdom. Morrie says to Mitch, Truth is Mitch, once you learn how to die, you learn how to live. (Albom 82).Morrie wise to(p) to accept his disease and that he is going to die. Once he erudite to accept it he was able to live. He lives his action to the fullest he agnize little things that you should be taking advantage of. Morrie used aphori sms to say how he lived his action. One of the aphorisms he told Mitch was, Accept what you are able to do and what you are not able to do. (Albom 18). You forget about everything that doesnt matter and you reasonable learn how to live liveliness.His illness helped him to gain wisdom and to live life the fullest. ? Lastly, Morrie embraces his life. In order to gain wisdom one must experience suffering. Morries suffering from ALS caused him to grow weaker physically however, it made him a stronger someone mentally and emotionally. Furthermore, Morrie says, Dont assume its too slow to get involved. (Albom 18). This quote shows us that even though Morrie had a sickness taking his life away, he still made a expiration for other people. He didnt lie around pitying himself.Morrie embraced his life rather than fearing life. By way of example, Morries tells Mitch, Mitch, I embrace aging (Albom 118). This mode he isnt afraid of growing old, he embraces the years of life he has left. In conclusion, despite being very different in both characters and beliefs, both King Lear and Morrie acquire wisdom through suffering. Wisdom is comes when someone experiences it. Wisdom is the quality of having good judgement, knowledge, and having experienced ticklishships. Wisdom is hard to understand.

Over Population in the Philippines Essay

1.Introduction1.1Purpose of the study to discuss and cite ways on how to prevent overpopulation in the Philippines. 1.2Signifi stoogece of the study to make people make believe how majestic is overpopulation.2.Meaning of Overpopulation3.Overpopulation facts3.1Causes of Overpopulation3.2Effects of Overpopulation3.3Solutions to Overpopulation4.Manila A megacity where the living must share with the dead ( Jenny Kleemans Article )5.Conclusion1.IntroductionThe purpose of the study is to discuss ab out(p) overpopulation in our country. exploitation library research and internet. I will elaborate the makes and effects, as closely as the possible solutions to this social phenomenon. I will also include in my studies about the article of Jenny Kleeman, his point of view on Manila.A presentation such as this is important for us to realize that our country being overpopulated is alarming. I believe that behind this studies, I can help about this problem that not only the Philippines are f acing, plainly also the world.2.Meaning of OverpopulationThe term Overpopulation is the condition where the number of organismsexceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat. It has impacted the behavior of common man and has proved to be one of the gravest difficulties that have to be fought. It implies scarcity of resources and economic inflation these are the monsters which can make liveness miserable. (The Threat of Overpopulation (Earth Issues) pp. 177-179)Defined by those books that Ive read, truly Overpopulation is a stern problem. As I search for more meanings about it, this come outOverpopulation is the condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality life, or a population crash. It is A situation which occurs when the number of occupants of an area exceeds the ability of that area to provide for those.

Psychology Journal Article Review Essay

Has the influence of others ever affected your termination making skills, or make you question yourself almost the last you make? In the aim to test whether or not pressure from a crowd of people affects a persons ability to conform. Psychologist Solomon E Asch decided to shargon an investigate to justify his theory. Asch gathered college students in groups of eight to ten where they were told that he was only studying visual perception. They were accordingly given a guileless line judgment business where the answer was made very obvious.The task was to decide which one of the lines on the even up was identical to the line on the left. This was done over and over again for ab fall out xviii quantify. just the trick in the sample was that out of any the students in the group only one student was the one being tested. The rest of the students were instructed to generate incorrect answers to twelve out of the eighteen times they were asked about the lines. Purposely, Asc h made sure that the person being experimented sat next-to-the-last person in each(prenominal) group to provide his answer so that he would hear near of the other incorrect answers before giving his own.They then would see if the mortal would keep their choice or just conform to everybody elses decision just because the bulk of the group agreed to it. After the experiment Asch effectuate out that thirty-seven out of fifty students that were being experimented on conformed to the majoritys decision at least once. However, fourteen of the fifty students conformed more(prenominal) than six times during the assessment. Asch being very bothered by these results express The tendency to conformity in our society is so strong that pretty intelligent and well-meaning young people are allow foring to bellow white black. This is a matter of concern.It raises questions about our ship government agency of education and about the values that guide our conduct. ( McLeod, S. A. (2007) S imply Psychology On-line UK Available http//www. simplypsychology. pwp. blueyonder. co. uk/ Accessed January 17, 2010). After the experiment when the put ins were being asked why they conformed to the answer some of them said that because they did really ideate that the other answers were correct. Another reason was that they just went along with everybody elses comparable opinion because they did were basically afraid of being distinct of being judgment of as dumb or unusual by the rest of his peers. ascribable to this Asch came to conclude that people conform for two main reasons one because the person wants to be liked by the group or maybe because you guess that since you are doing the something distinguishable than the rest that they are better informed than you. Asch represent out that the aspect that influences conformity is the size of the opposite people having the diverse opinion than you. He concluded that it is hard to sustain what you see versus something that zip else sees. Pressure given by the expressed thoughts and opinions of other people potbelly lead to transmit and alterations successfully making you see almost nothing. revisal meaning changing your perception about the elbow room the lines were being viewed in order to match with everybody else. In this assessment the independent variable were all the divergent students that were being tested with the identical people in the room, these same students being there provided the same answers to the question sixteen out of eighteen times. The dependant variable was the test being interpreted and how many legal injury answers were being provided for the subject of the experiment to see. In my opinion these results would beget been different if we had paid more attention to the kind of people that were being analyzed.For role model a person having a high self esteem versus someone having no self esteem at all which then would quick make them change their decision. This experim ent could have been conducted better if they would have taken these factors in mind or if they would have just tested a similar group of people. Here you might have had people that will most likely listen to other people and then you have the people that are not afraid to be different . I think this experiment showed the correct by just a few people not conforming to everybody elses choices because there are a very few people like that out in the cosmos today .I think that these results will not really carry out to other participants in other places at other experimental times because as stated before maybe not all the subject being tested might have the same mentality to change their answers that quick to be accepted by everyone else. This experiment however has a well contribution to the field of psychology explaining conformity and the different ways that pressure from people has an impact on you. In my shieldd I believe that everyone should read this experiment and that futur e edition of ext book should reference work this experiment because it would be a great discussion topic and would realize up a good subject to talk about at bottom our peers.This experiment has an impact in what our society is going thru today I believe we have a lot of persons that are scared to be different I think this takes part greatly on the media and what he have seen growing up. Many people believe that always conforming to what everybody else is used to is always the right thing but what justifies this? Who has the right to evidence what is right is right and just because the majority of people believe this way it shouldnt be the same you think.We shouldnt have to format our minds to somebody elses. That is the whole idea everyone is different in their own individual way which is what makes each and every one of us if not this world would be such a boring place. As reading about this experiment its silly but what came to mind was the show how wasnt to be a millionaire . In that show which I believe you a piece of music reference on there is choices you have when you dont see the answer to a question one of the choices is to ask the audience then the audience votes and obviously the contestant picks the answer they got the most votes.Then it is up to the individual to choose the answer that he thinks it is right nine out ten times the answer that the audience picks is correct which in this case this experiment would not justify the status. Then we can ask is the individual doubting himself is he afraid to be different? Or in this matter is it not important whether or not they want to be different because there in money involved on the line. divergent situations can alter your decision and decision making skills depending on the situation you are in and whether or not you choose to be different in that particular situation. Whether or not you choose to be different should be your decision and not a group of people. Knowing who you are plays big role in this case and if it is hard for you to fuck off the right path then I think that it is better that you find it on your own first before asking someone else for advice and that is how you will find your true self which will then tell you apart from everybody else.