Analysis of Modality in Language

Analysis of Modality in LanguageStudent V TH THU NGN1. principleThe more developing social is, the more multiform wording query is. There atomic turn of events 18 many things to read between the lines of the marrow of speech communication or convicts when using them for communication in the real life. Modality is an oblige it a vogue which perhaps makes learners to provoke difficulties in teachinging a language. Besides it is an elicit topic for language researchers. Why is it fire? In this assignment, I would standardised to put my focus on the sights of temper in language to confound the answer for that above question.2. Aims of the flying airfieldThe study is aimed atIndentifying specific kinds of humor in language, special in sideHelp learner to have the general picture in language.3. Scope of the studyBeca physical exertion of my limited fourth dimension and association, I would care to put my focus on climate in languages inwardly viridity decrys in the real life. I go forth spend a penny a general introduction ab tabu musical mode and concentrate on the analysis of the underframe sentences in some slope sentences which depart be compared to Vietnamese ones.4. Research modes and selective information collection4.1. Research designIn this study, the quantitative methods get out be utilise to classify and take apart entropy to find bulge taboo the sense mood in English and Vietnamese sentences. In addition, descriptive method is used to relent a detailed description of modal verbity in English sentences. And finally, comparative method is used to figure out some similaraties and differences between English and Vietnamese sentences.4.2. Data line of battleThis research is restricted to language. Data for this research are lay in from opposite display cases of sentences taken from the grammar books( in English or Vietnamese) or in the real life. The data is likely to provide a detailed description of how modality is used in diametric sentences.4. 3 Design of the studyThe study covers the following 5 chaptersChapter 1 Introduction- provides the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research question, the scope of the study and the disposal of the study.Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Background- develops literature review and theoretic background where a review of previous studies related to to the thesis is carried out and the theoretical background of the study is provided.Chapter 3 Methodology- describes the methods and procedures of the study. It also deals with the design of the research, data collection, data analysis and the reliability and validity of the study.Chapter 4 Finding and Discussion- presents the findings and paroles, which concentrates on grammar structure to show two types of modality.Chapter 5 Conclusions and Implications- includes the summary of the major findings of the study and the subtr operations for the guessing of the sentences which consist of modality.2.1 ModalityThere are some views on modality. It piece of ass be defined particularly which based on from which points of views tidy sum construe the term. jibe to Frawley and Charles (1992)modality is a semantic phenomenon, conducting the attitude and state of contendledge somewhat a hyp nonism while Bybee (1985)defined as modality is what the vocalizer is doing with the whole proposition and Halliday (1985) presented modality meat the loudspeaker system units judgment of the probabilities, the obligations or so on, involving in what he/she is swaning.Modality, according to Palmer (1986), is defined as semantic information associated with the speakers attitude or opinion close what is said. He gave the point of the circumstance that modality concerns the occurrenceual status of proposition. Besides, it maybe consists of mood Further it is real important to speak of mood only if the attitude of mind is shown in the form of the verb mood thus is a syntactic, non a ideational category (Jaspers). In another hand, modality are sorts of a semantic issue because it presents the attitude of the speaker or theory about the fact of status of a proposition however, mood is a grammatical phenomenon within this theory or attitude is showed morphologically. Learners mess hitch irradiately in opposite forms of haggling in English.According to Searle (1969), in his research he shows a structure of the sides of modality to discuss. For instance, he decorates assertive within cost of the touch of the speaker or allegiance to the fact of proposition. He concord that directives and commissives are related to deontic modality while expressive, assertive and declaratives have the affinity with epistemological modality.There are two views in a common persuasion when it is said or spoken out from the speaker or writer the propositional heart and soul and the non-propositional content which expresses the speaker attitude and opin ion toward the content of proposition(Hoa, 2004). The main carriers of modality are a set of auxiliary verbs called modals will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, moldiness and ought to. Modality is encoded in various other expressions, too possibly, probably, have (got) to, posit to and be able to. For specimens,a. You must(prenominal) apologize. ( obligation)b. You can come in now. (permission)c. Shes not able to see you until Tuesday. (feasibility)2.2 Types of modalityThe different language researchers had tried to give the ways with the different types of modality in order to arrange them into the different categories. However, this way is only a small group of classification of modalitys meaning without the general partition of the largest meaning of modality.According Nguyen Van Hiep, he provided 3 types of modality in Mt s phm tr tnh thi trong ngn ng alethic, deontic and epistemological which are mentioned by many researchers. However, in some studies, most of researchers told about deontic and epistemic were popular. They share 2 sides subjectivity and non-factuality (Hoa, 2004). So, this study also focuses on these types of modality.EpistemicNguyen Hoa (2004)indicates the stop of commitment by the speaker to what he/ she thinks.It means that Epistemic, which is derived from the Greek enunciate meaning understanding or knowledge, refers to the type of modality that indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he opines. Palmer (1986) also suggests that epistemic modality should relate to modal system to indicate the degree of commitment the cessation to which the truth of proposition is possible. We can see this degree in two sentences antic may be in the office. here explains foruncertainly/a possible conclusion of speakerin the speculative sentence (a) through using the modal verb may.John must be in the office.In the deductive sentence (b), this degree here is the only possible conclusion of speaker which is showed in the word must.By two lawsuits above, it is not difficult to indicate the degree of the commitment when speaker learns. Furthermore, Palmer also provides that epistemic can be expound as possibility-based. It is provoke in belief, knowledge or truth, etc and consists of no atom of with.According to Palmer, there are two kinds of epistemic commitment much(prenominal) as judgement and perspicuousial. About judgement, the creator relates to possibility and necessity and the judgements turn out to be more subjective because the commitment comes from the speaker knowledge or belief. We look at two below sentences to desexualizeher. HereShe is likely to be late. (English)C l gi ny tu chy. (Vietnamese)likely and c l are two words used to describe the commitment of speaker. He think that she (a) maybe goes to late and maybe basing on the time the train run away (b). He believes that and that is his thinking in his mind. So, it seems likely more subjective not sure, not exactly for listener.If judgement concerns of subjective, evidential relates to objectively. It is encoded the ground on which a speaker makes an overtly qualified assertion and spiels a proposition more objectively.ExThey say the match has been called off.Nghe ni hn b trn.It is clear that speaker has a particular evident to give out his word. By using the third speaker, his word has the higher belief.Therefore, when speaker does not run into the truth of what he/she says, he often chose one of four to say what he is thinkingWhat speaker surmisesWhat speaker reasonsWhat speaker is reported by anotherWhat speaker is felt by his/ her senseWe can try these ideas by using some sentences withI think thatThey say thatIt seemsAs a resultGivn thinks that epistemic modality is built by evident and thinking ability. Here, we can say more about proposition which is not clear because it is used to show a statement which is a current affair, foreground or background. For instance, They say the mat ch has been called off. The math-called off- in the premiere listening, listener perhaps think that there is no subjective in this word. Specially, the speaker does not show any commitments in his word except only gives the riddle by evident they say. It seems that subjective modality does not appear here. However, this is also seen a type of commitment because giving the evident is a commitment which has degree-indirect commitment.In short, epistemic modality gives the status of the speaker for the truth what he says which is based on attests of judgments he takes.DeonticDeontic is also a type of modality which is the dimension of obligation, permission, prohibition, etc.Ex You mustnt do it its against the law. Bnh nhn cn c yn tnh.Through these pillow slips here, we can see that deontic can be characterized as necessity-based or obligation-based. According to Nguyen Hoa, it is touch with action and contains an element of will. In the sentence, for instance, you mustnt do it its against the law, it wants to say the obligation of the action dont do it is necessary because if you do it, you will arrest the rules. Obligation and different degree of obligation can be express by other verbs of adjectives as well. In English, speaker can say need to/ ought to/ have to/ should/ can/ must/etc while in Vietnamese, speaker can use bt buc, phi, c th, cn, haYou must complete your homework sooner you go to school.Con phi lm xong bi tp v nh ri mi c i chi nh.According to Nguyen Hoa, there will have many grammatical types of deontic modality. The first type consists of imperatives and directives where we try to get people to do things. To illustrate, we have seen two examplesEx You ought to leave now.(1) N phi i ng sm. (2)Both of them mean getting listener to do action leave (1) and go to crawl in (2). Subjects must be compulsory, not deny or postpone the prone request.Another type is commissives where commit ourselves to do things which surface as declaratives s ince they concern with action.Ex I will give you a hand.(3)Ti has c mt ng gi.(4)These sentences here present the undertaking of the speaker. However, speaker cannot do the action in the future while (1) and (2) speaker obligates this action.By explaining the above, epistemic modality is kindle in the truth, the belief of knowledge. In contrast, deontic modality is interested in the action. For exampleYou should do your homework.You must do your homework.In these examples, the participants are urges as express by the subjects of the sentences, to changing degrees, to form an action.CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY3.1. RESEARCH excogitationThe study was given out with the qualitative and quantitative approaches so as to response its aims and objectives. The research design is planned to carry out such(prenominal) important things asDescribing and comparing the collected data for finding out the types of modality.Finding out the showing types of modality through the point of grammar structu res in languages.3.2. RESEARCH METHODSIn order to get the aims and objectives of the study, the descriptive and contrastive methods are used in connection with the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The descriptive method describes the types of modality in languages. Besides, the comparative methods is used to find out the similarities as well as the differences in both of types.3.3. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLESIn this study, about some sentences in English and in Vietnamese) were collected from English and Vietnamese from the real life, books.3.4. DATA COLLECTIONTo meet the demands of the aims and objectives, samples of modality in English and Vietnamese were collected. All of these samples were gathered from a lot of words on different documental collections.3.5. DATA ANALYSISData analysis is considered to be a very important part to point out the modality consists of the following steps Describing qualitatively and quantitatively the data collected.Using sentences to analyze the linguistic features of modalityComparing and finding out the similarities and differences between the epistemic modality and deontic modality3.6. RESEARCH PROCEDUREThe study procedures were carried out as followsReviewing the previous studies thoroughly and identifying the research scope.Collecting sentences from the real life, books.Picking out some sentences explanation in English languages.Comparing and pointing out the similarities and differences in types of modality.3.7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITYIn terms of reliability, the data are collected from in the circumstances in the real life( ensure about grammar) and collected from the books with the name of author, the time, the place of publication where the quotation comes from. It means that the quality of the data is reliable. Besides, the findings and conclusions in the study are taken from the analysis of frequency of samples and proofs concerned without any prejudices and presuppositions. For this reason, the objectivity of t he study is assured.All collected sentences in this thesis could be representative. In addition, the analyses in the study have always been conducted in the light of theoretical background to ensure the quality of the study.3.8. CONCLUDINGIn short, such parts as research design, data collection and data analysis are mentioned in detail in this chapter. Moreover, research procedures as well as reliability and validity are also presented specifically. Thus, the discussion of findings in chapter 4 could be described and compared scientifically thanks to the certain and reasonable preparation of this chapter.CHAPTER 4 FINDING AND DISCUSSIONShowing types of modality in sufficeing sentencesHow do epistemic modality and deontic modality represent in systems of sentence meaning. It is used to form severe expression or to evoke the mind of the words. In contrast, in the term of grammar to create a sentence, there are various different points of grammatical theory. So, this study will pres ent some points of view where modality is shown in grammar system to perform a sentence with complete meaning about epistemic or deontic modality.4.1 Personal modalityAccording to Quirks classification, there is another subcomponent of the inter soulfulnessal related to those features involving the speakers own contribution to the representational meaning of the sentence.4.1.1 Form modality markersAccording to Nguyen Hoa, the speaker can participate by offering his comment on the form f what he is saying, defining in some way under what condition he is speaking. For examplesNi thng, c y l ngi ch k. (1)Frankly, Im tired. (2)In these Vietnamese and English sentences, speaker has a personal attitude for a person who both speaker and listener know to give comment (1). In the second example, similarity speaker also shows his own attitude. We can see that epistemic modality in this sentence because it shows the speakers belief with the truth in the sentence.We have modal adverbs to make the form-modality markers frankly, confidentially, generally, honestly, candidly ExPersonally, I dont like your plan.4.1.2 Content-modality markersNguyen Hoa also explains more about this issue. He says that the speaker can give comment on the extent to which he believes that what he is saying is true. For exampleTo our surprise, he arrived home late.(Nguyen Hoa, 2004, p.181)In this example, speaker expresses his attitude on the extent to our surprise to which he is saying. Here only has our it means the limited field in someone (consist of speaker and listeners staying in this time)In the content- modality markers, it is change integrity into two types and each type has some words to indicate modality more easily. The first type is the degree of beliefEx Surely, he can solve his problem by himself. (I am sure that) comport primarily a subjective view on the truth of what he is saying is truth certainly, admittedly, surely, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably.Ex Clearly, he can solve his problem by himself. ( Its clear to me that) Markers of degree of convictions as open to objective evidence clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly.Ex Technically, he can solve his problem by himself. Markers of realism or lack of reality in what is said actually, officially, technically, theoretically. The second type is comment other than on the truth value of what is said.Without necessary innuendo that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence or indeed to the speaker.Ex Hopefully, John returned home yesterday.- John was bright in doing so- That someone else was hopeful as a result of Johns action.former(a) markers annoyingly, curiously, funnily enough, happily, hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly With an implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence.Ex Wisely, John returned home yesterday.- The speaker considers the action as wise and he also considers John wise for doing the action.Other markers wrongly, rightly.4.2 Mod al lexical verbsPalmer (1986, p. 183) considered in some languages such as English for one, there exist some modal lexical verbs with complement clauses which can be used performatively to indicate the attitudes and opinions of the speaker. mostly verbs with a 1st subject. For instancesI believe that he will become a good student. (epistemic)That he will become a good student in the sentence is the object of the main verb believe. This verb expresses the thinking of the speaker. So, this sentence creates the epistemic modality. It is the same the above example, we has another sentenceI request you to clean your board immediately. (deontic)It is interested that the form of this sentence is the same the form of the above sentence. You to clean your room immediately is the objective of the main verb of the sentence request. However, this sentence here brings the deontic modality because it has the actions concentration.4.3 Modality in subordinate clauseAll English learners know that s ubordinate clause consists of nominal clause, adverbial clause and adjectival clause. How do we indicate modality in subordinate clause? We have example belowI believe that she did the right thing.The verb believe is a lexical verb, and it expresses belief. The clause that she did the right thing is a subordinate clause and shows the belief about what. It presents the belief more than the action or it is the epistemic modality. By this explanation, the subordinate clause presents the proposition whereas the main lexical verb indicates modality.DISCUSSIONHow to trace between epistemic modality and deontic modality in modal words?English is a language which is rather rich in modal words, especially modal verbs such asmay, might, will, would, should, must, ought to, need, can, could.These verbs have a number of meanings, for example, the verb MUST can express both epistemic and deontic modalitya. promised land must be at work now. must expresses a strong commitment on the part of th e speaker to the truth of the proposition. (Heaven is at work.)b. You must finish your homework before going to bed.It is about an obligation on the part of the person denoted by you, the statement is about action to be accomplished. (You do your homework.)For modal verbs in the past, deontic modality also is also verbalised in the past action. For instanceYou should have gone to the meeting yesterday(Hiep (2007),cited on Lyons, p.824)Deontic modality is presented in the appreciation with the action in the past. In this utterance, speaker does not obligate listener to go to the yesterday meeting, he only confirms that in the point before the present time, listener was in the circumstance which listener had to go to the meeting. Therefore, we did the action which was a confirmation.In which general, we can admit the distinguishing between epistemic modality and deontic modality which is based on three 3 items necessary, ability and reality.This chapter gives a conclusion for this st udy. First, the issues given in this assignment are discussed. Second, the recommendations and suggestions for further study are made. In general, it is kind of difficult to understand fully and profoundly those types because they relate to the grammar feature, ways to use different languages in the real life. The difficulty in learning a language is to understand the meaning of it exactly because the meaning of a word is diversified when it is used to form a sentence. English is a language spoken in many countries and modality shown is multiform. This is based on the usance of the user. This study indicates the interesting point of modality in language, especially in English and Vietnamese a little. By illustration, language learners can understand more about researching with the sides of meaning related to two types of modality.All what have been referred to in this paper come from the limited understanding and ability. It is, however, hoped that this study will be a small contr ibution to figure out the interesting significance of the modality of the present international language and a commendation to those who are interested in learning and researching language.Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology. Armsterdam Benjamins.Frawley, Charles, C. (1992). Linguistic semantics. Hillsdale, NJ Laurence Erlbaum Associates.Hiep, N. V. (2007). mot so pham tru tinh thai trong ngong ngu. Tap chi Ngon Ngu.Hoa, N. (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Ha Noi Nxb. HQG H Ni.Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and Modality. Cambridge CPU.Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts An Essay in the philosophy of Language. Cambridge and New York CPU.